Environmental management is critical to the survival of the ecosystem as well as ensuring environmental sustainability and productivity. This study investigated the factors affecting the adoption of environmental management systems (EMS) by crop and livestock farmers in Abia State of Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used in selecting the sample used for the study. Data collected using structured questionnaire and interview schedules were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency tables, means, percentages, and ordinary least squares regression analysis. The result of data analysis revealed that there is relatively low rate of adoption of EMS by the farmers. The significant factors influencing the adoption of EMS by crop farmers were age of the farmer, level of education, farming experience, income and location of farm, while level of education, farming experience, farm size and location of farm were the significant factors influencing adoption of EMS by the livestock factors. The significant factors influencing output of the crop enterprises as revealed by the study were EMS, farm size and labour, while that of the livestock enterprises were EMS, stock size, other variable inputs and capital. Measures such as those geared towards the education of the farmers for environmental improvement, better quality of life and improved agricultural productivity were recommended such as strengthening the extension system for improved service delivery.